PRESENT PERFECT

The "present perfect" is a time that is used to describe actions that just happened in the past and that have some connection with this.

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

Form of Present Perfect

	Positive	Negative	Question
I / you / we / they	I have spoken.	I have not spoken.	Have I spoken?
he / she / it	He has spoken.	He has not spoken.	Has he spoken?

puts emphasis on the result
Example: She has written five letters.
action that is still going on
Example: School has not started yet.
action that stopped recently
Example: She has cooked dinner.
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key.

action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example: I have never been to Australia.

Affirmative/Negative	Interrogative
He has walked. (He's walked.) She It He has not walked. (He hasn't walked.) She It	Has he walked? she it short answer - Yes, he has. - No, he hasn't.
They have walked. (They've walked.) I You We They have not walked. (They haven't walked.) I You We	Have they walked? I you we short answer - Yes, they have. - No, they haven't.